Don’t Bury Failures. Share Them

Computer science students from the U.S. and Senegal designed a mobile phone application especially for fisherwomen in Senegal and yet, the Senegalese women could not use it because of a single flawed assumption.

I promised myself I would share at least one story from the MobileTech for Social Change Barcamp I attended at Hunter College in New York City on Saturday (Feb. 21, 2008). Barcamp, for those who may not know, is an approach to organizing and running conferences that tries to capture the hidden value of most meetings—the conversations that happen between sessions in the hallways—and bring it front and center. Barcamps are also supposed to be free, or nearly so, for participants to attend.

A computer science group from the State University of New York at Stonybrook presented three applications or “apps,” that is to say mini-computer programs, that they had designed for use on no-frills mobile phones owned by women working in the informal Senegalese economy. The pilot tests for two of the apps—a dictionary and a book-keeping calculator—were deemed successes. The third app—for measuring profit and loss—was judged a failure.

Since most people—myself included—don’t like to publish their failures, I was impressed by the Stonybrook group’s willingness to do so. Indeed, they were almost as enthusiastic about the failure as the two successes. “You often learn more from failure than success,” says Jennifer Wong, one of the two Stonybrook professors who, along with two students, came to present their findings. Sure, we all say it. But who really embraces the idea? Brava!

The National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance is giving the Stonybrook group and its co-investigators at Pace University and Thies Univeristy nearly $50,000 over two years to design mobile phone apps for use in the informal Senegalese economy.

What the mobile app group did right: they built local capacity. They recruited 20 Senegalese computer science students and taught a one-week crash course in Senegal on how to write and load mobile phone applications. These students in turn interviewed the local fisherwomen in Wolof (one of Senegal’s most common local languages) to customize the profit-and-loss application for their phones.

The fisherwomen are actually fish sellers. They buy fresh fish and then dry it to sell on the market. The women often sell the dried fish at a loss, which is why a simple profit-and-loss calculator on their mobile phones might help them decide when and at what price to buy the fresh fish so they could come out ahead.

The pilot was a failure because the fish sellers found the mobile phone profit-and-loss calculator useless. The computer science group did not learn why the app was useless, however, until a second round of testing in which one of the Senegalese computer science students happened to have a grandmother who was a fish seller. After talking with the fish sellers, he discovered that all the prices for both fresh fish and dried fish are fixed. Since everyone charges the same price for fish (one for dried, the other for fresh) on any given day, there is no way for the women to wait until the price is right.

One wonders why anyone would sell dried fish at all under these conditions? There is bound to be more to this story. Please enlighten us if you can, using the comments section.

Lesson learned: you have to be very specific when seeking local expertise.

Another way of looking at it: just because something looks to you like irrational economic behavior doesn't necessarily mean that it is, or that you know why it is irrational.

To find out more about applications for mobile phones in the informal economy, contact Anita Wasilewska or Jennifer Wong at SUNY Stonybrook or Christelle Scharff at Pace University in New York City or Prof. Ibrahima Ndiaye, Director of the Economic and Social Sciences Education and Research Unit, Thiès University, Senegal. See also their wiki about mobile apps in Senegal.

To learn more about what else went on at MobileTech For Social Change (New York):

• Search for #m4change on Twitter from 2/21/09 to about 2/23/09
• Read the Morningside Post stories once they come online
• Read Patrick Meier’s summary post on iRevolution
• Check out some #m4change photos on Flickr (cool search for events after 20090201)
• Read Persephone Miel at Media Re:public on why mobiles are not the future; they are right now.

(updated on 2/24/2009 to add Christelle Scharf and Ibrahima Ndiaye and Pace and Thies Universities.)

Looking for Context in Global Health Reporting

To me, the most satisfying news stories are the ones that provide a context that continues to inform long after the news has turned old. That kind of deeper context is often what I look for in global health stories but do not usually find. Something to think about if you are hoping to improve the routine coverage of global health news.

I am thinking about this now for several reasons. Sharon Schmickle’s amazing article today in the Washington Post on the growing global threat of wheat rust—she provides plenty of context—finally got me to write these thoughts down.

When Josh Benton of the Nieman Foundation was in New York a couple weeks ago, we had a long chat about what constitutes context in news stories. (That's the kind of stuff we enjoy talking about.) He told me about Matt Johnson’s project at the University of Missouri’s Reynolds Journalism Institute.

As I understand it, Matt’s key insight came when he read decades worth of stories about commercial development in and around Columbia, Missouri. He realized he didn’t feel any better informed about the major factors, developers and politicians involved after reading one or 100 stories. Each story had to be taken on its own—separate from the others. The long-term context did not emerge from reading all those stories. It was all information overload with no meaning.

Johnson’s project is to see if there is a way to make that context more explicit, so that each news item about development either contributes to the context or benefits from it. What Matt Johnson says about the search for more context in the news makes a lot of sense to me.

In January, Jeb Sharp of PRI’s The World launched a new history podcast called “How We Got Here.” It looks at the history that continues to shape current events. Her inaugural piece was about Iran—because of all the talk about the incoming Obama Administration’s possible diplomatic outreach to that country.

But Sharp’s reporting on the three weeks in 1953 in which CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt nearly single-handedly engineered a coup in Iran provided some of the missing context that I was looking for in an entirely different story. Namely, it helped me understand a little better why the Iranian government recently tried and convicted a pair of Iranian AIDS doctors for conspiring to foment a “velvet revolution” by attending international medical conferences.

Earlier this month, Ethan Zuckerman, co-founder of Global Voices, wrote a very good piece that provides the missing context around the recent unrest in Madagascar. I have actually been following this in the news—in the New York Times and on the web. But nothing explained WHY this was happening NOW in the way that Ethan’s blog post did.

It makes me think of David Pogue’s Missing Manuals enterprise. You know, computer software doesn’t ship with printed instructional material any more. You have to either go online or screen through an electronic manual. But a lot of us still find a book a useful way to organize information—to get the broader view. So when software companies stopped supplying physical manuals, Pogue stepped into the gap with his Missing Manual series.

Supplying the missing context turned out to be a good business model for Pogue. Makes me wonder if that case is transferable to reporting about global health?

What's New in Health and Human Rights?

I am giving one of two keynote speeches at the 2009 GlobeMed Global Health Summit in Chicago April 2-4. The theme for the gathering is "From Idea to Implementation: Securing Health as a Human Right," so I chose as the working title for my talk "Health and Human Rights: A Journalist's Perspective."

Kind of as a lark, I threw that phrase "Health and Human Rights: A Journalist's Perspective" into a Google search and much to my surprise got an exact hit. Television producer Rory O'Conner chose that as the title for a blog post that has some vintage video of the late Jonathan Mann talking about health and human rights.

So I changed my working title to "Health and Human Rights: One Journalist's Perspective," which isn't much of a distinction I admit. I also watched the interviews with Mann and others. They have held up quite well--even after ten years.

And they remind me how much AIDS, like the Holocaust before it, has taught us about human rights.